A-APR: Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions

Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions

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Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions covers operations on polynomial and rational expressions, treating them as closed algebraic systems. Adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing polynomials and rational expressions mirror integer arithmetic with an eye toward structure. Factoring techniques unlock simplification and connect to equation-solving across algebra and precalculus.

A-APR.1Add, subtract, and multiply polynomials. Understand that polynomials form a system similar to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication.A-APR.2Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x – a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x – a) is a factor of p(x).A-APR.3Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.A-APR.4Prove polynomial identities and use them to describe numerical relationships. For example, the polynomial identity (x^2 + y^2)^2 = (x^2 – y^2)^2 + (2xy)^2 can be used to generate Pythagorean triples.A-APR.5(+) Know and apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (x + y)^n in powers of x and y for a positive integer n, where x and y are any numbers, with coefficients determined for example by Pascal’s Triangle.A-APR.6Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a computer algebra system.A-APR.7(+) Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. Understand that rational expressions form a system similar to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression.
Example Problems
Multiply:
Does the polynomial have as a factor?
Factor completely:
Factor completely using the difference of squares method:
Expand and combine like terms:
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