M.A18

High School Algebra I for 8th Grade

M.A18.1Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays.M.A18.10Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.M.A18.11Explain how the definition of the meaning of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents to those values, allowing for a notation for radicals in terms of rational exponents. For example, we define 5^1/3 to be the cube root of 5 because we want (5^1/3)^3 = 5^(1/3)3 to hold, so (5^1/3)^3 must equal 5.M.A18.12Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.M.A18.13Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.M.A18.14Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions.M.A18.15Solve systems of linear equations exactly and approximately (e.g., with graphs), focusing on pairs of linear equations in two variables.M.A18.16Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve (which could be a line).M.A18.17Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x); find the solutions approximately (e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values or find successive approximations). Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential and logarithmic functions.M.A18.18Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half-plane (excluding the boundary in the case of a strict inequality), and graph the solution set to a system of linear inequalities in two variables as the intersection of the corresponding half-planes.M.A18.19Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output.M.A18.2Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.M.A18.20Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). (e.g., Given a linear function represented by a table of values and a linear function represented by an algebraic expression, determine which function has the greater rate of change.)M.A18.21Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear. (e.g., The function A = s^2 giving the area of a square as a function of its side length is not linear because its graph contains the points (1,1), (2,4) and (3,9), which are not on a straight line.)M.A18.22Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a function and x is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f corresponding to the input x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation y = f(x).M.A18.23Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context.M.A18.24Recognize that sequences are functions, sometimes defined recursively, whose domain is a subset of the integers. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is defined recursively by f(0) = f(1) = 1, f(n+1) = f(n)+ f(n-1) for n ≥ 1.M.A18.25Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description of a relationship or from two (x, y) values, including reading these from a table or from a graph. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models, and in terms of its graph or a table of values.M.A18.26Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph (e.g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear). Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.M.A18.27For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.M.A18.28Relate the domain of a function to its graph and where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. For example, if the function h(n) gives the number of person-hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an appropriate domain for the function.M.A18.29Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.M.A18.3Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.M.A18.30Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.M.A18.31Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). (e.g., Given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the larger maximum.)M.A18.32Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.M.A18.33Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula, use them to model situations, and translate between the two forms.M.A18.34Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the graph using technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic expressions for them.M.A18.35Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions.M.A18.36Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship or two input-output pairs (include reading these from a table).M.A18.37Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a polynomial function.M.A18.38Interpret the parameters in a linear or exponential function in terms of a context.M.A18.39Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots).M.A18.4Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.M.A18.40Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets.M.A18.41Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers).M.A18.42Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.M.A18.43Know that straight lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear association, informally fit a straight line, and informally assess the model fit by judging the closeness of the data points to the line.M.A18.44Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept. (e.g., In a linear model for a biology experiment, interpret a slope of 1.5 cm/hr as meaning that an additional hour of sunlight each day is associated with an additional 1.5 cm in mature plant height.)M.A18.45Understand that patterns of association can also be seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a two-way table. Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables collected from the same subjects. Use relative frequencies calculated for rows or columns to describe possible association between the two variables. (e.g., Collect data from students in your class on whether or not they have a curfew on school nights and whether or not they have assigned chores at home. Is there evidence that those who have a curfew also tend to have chores?)M.A18.46Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables. Interpret relative frequencies in the context of the data (including joint, marginal and conditional relative frequencies). Recognize possible associations and trends in the data.M.A18.47Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.M.A18.48Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data.M.A18.49Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit.M.A18.5Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions.M.A18.50Distinguish between correlation and causation.M.A18.51Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.M.A18.52Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it. For example, see x^4 – y^4 as (x^2)^2 – (y^2)^2, thus recognizing it as a difference of squares that can be factored as (x^2 – y^2)(x^2 + y^2).M.A18.53Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented by the expression.M.A18.54Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract, and multiply polynomials.M.A18.55Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions.M.A18.56Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.M.A18.57Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. (e.g., Rearrange Ohm’s law V = IR to highlight resistance R.)M.A18.58Solve quadratic equations in one variable.M.A18.59Solve a simple system consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables algebraically and graphically. (e.g., Find the points of intersection between the line y = –3x and the circle x^2 + y^2 = 3.)M.A18.6Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.M.A18.60Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational; and that the product of a nonzero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.M.A18.61Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse M.A18.62Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.M.A18.63Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.M.A18.64For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.M.A18.65Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. For example, if the function h(n) gives the number of person-hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an appropriate domain for the function.M.A18.66Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.M.A18.67Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.M.A18.68Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties of the function.M.A18.69Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). (e.g., Given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the larger maximum.)M.A18.7Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or non-viable options in a modeling context. (e.g., Represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods.)M.A18.70Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.M.A18.71Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the graph using technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic expressions for them.M.A18.72Find inverse functions.M.A18.73Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a polynomial function.M.A18.8Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. (e.g., Rearrange Ohm’s law V = IR to highlight resistance R.)M.A18.9Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original equation has a solution. Construct a viable argument to justify a solution method.M.A18.DSDescriptive Statistics M.A18.EEExpressions and Equations M.A18.LERLinear and Exponential Relationships M.A18.QFMQuadratic Functions and Modeling M.A18.RQRelationships between Quantities and Reasoning with Equations

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