Data Analysis

PS.DA.1Create, compare, and evaluate different graphic displays of the same data, using histograms, frequency polygons, cumulative frequency distribution functions, pie charts, scatterplots, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker plots. Draw these with and without technology.PS.DA.10Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.PS.DA.11Find linear models by using median fit and least squares regression methods to make predictions. Decide which among several linear models gives a better fit. Interpret the slope and intercept in terms of the original context. Informally assess the fit of a function by plotting and analyzing residuals.PS.DA.12Evaluate reports based on data by considering the source of the data, the design of the study, the way the data are analyzed and displayed, and whether the report confuses correlation with causation. Distinguish between correlation and causation.PS.DA.2Compute and use mean, median, mode, weighted mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, range, quartiles, variance, and standard deviation. Use tables and technology to estimate areas under the normal curve. Fit a data set to a normal distribution and estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets not normally distributed for which such procedures are inappropriate.PS.DA.3Understand the central limit theorem and use it to solve problems.PS.DA.4Understand hypothesis tests of means and differences between means and use them to reach conclusions. Compute and use confidence intervals to make estimates. Construct and interpret margin of error and confidence intervals for population proportions.PS.DA.5Recognize how linear transformations of univariate data affect shape, center, and spread.PS.DA.6Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are associated with each object being classified. Use the two-way table as a sample space to decide if events are independent and to approximate conditional probabilities.PS.DA.7Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process, e.g., using simulation.PS.DA.8Understand the meaning of measurement data and categorical data, of univariate and bivariate data, and of the term variable.PS.DA.9Understand statistics and use sampling distributions as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.
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