Virginia flagVirginia: Probability and Statistics Math Standards

89 standards ยท 4 domains

DATA IN CONTEXT

  • PS.DC.1.a Define the stages of the statistical cycle and how each stage relates to the others.
  • PS.DC.1.b Formulate questions and conclusions based on context.
  • PS.DC.1.c Understand the type of data relevant to the question at hand (e.g., quantitative versus categorical).
  • PS.DC.1.d Compare and contrast population and sample, and parameter and statistic.
  • PS.DC.1.e Identify and explain constraints of the statistical approach.
  • PS.DC.2.a Investigate and describe sampling techniques (e.g., simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling).
  • PS.DC.2.b Determine which sampling technique is best, given a particular context.
  • PS.DC.2.c Investigate and explain biased influences inherent within sampling methods and various forms of response bias.
  • PS.DC.2.d Use the statistical cycle to plan and conduct an observational study to answer a question or address a problem.
  • PS.DC.3.a.i treatment/control groups;
  • PS.DC.3.a.ii blinding/placebo effects;
  • PS.DC.3.a.iii experimental units/subjects; and
  • PS.DC.3.a.iv blocking/matched pairs and completely randomized designs.
  • PS.DC.3.b Evaluate the principles of experimental design to address comparison, randomization, replication, and control within the context of the problem.
  • PS.DC.3.c Compare and contrast controlled experiments and observational studies and the conclusions that may be drawn from each.
  • PS.DC.3.d Use the statistical cycle to plan and conduct a well-designed experiment to answer a question or address a problem.
  • PS.DC.3.e Select a data collection method appropriate for a given context.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

  • PS.DS.1.a Create and interpret graphical displays of data, including dot plots, stemplots, boxplots, cumulative frequency graphs, and histograms, using appropriate technology.
  • PS.DS.1.b.i shape;
  • PS.DS.1.b.ii measures of center;
  • PS.DS.1.b.iii spread; and
  • PS.DS.1.b.iv unusual features of the data (e.g., outliers, clusters, gaps).
  • PS.DS.2.a Interpret measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.
  • PS.DS.2.b Interpret measures of spread: range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation.
  • PS.DS.2.c Identify possible outliers, using an algorithm.
  • PS.DS.2.d Investigate and explain the influence of outliers on a univariate data set.
  • PS.DS.2.e Investigate and explain ways in which standard deviation addresses variability by examining the formula for standard deviation.
  • PS.DS.3.a Create graphical displays of data, including back-to-back stemplots, parallel dot plots, parallel boxplots, and histograms, using appropriate technology.
  • PS.DS.3.b.i shape;
  • PS.DS.3.b.ii measures of center;
  • PS.DS.3.b.iii measures of spread; and
  • PS.DS.3.b.iv unusual features of the data (e.g., clusters, gaps, outliers).
  • PS.DS.4.a Create and interpret graphical displays of univariate categorical data, including bar graphs within the context of the problem, using appropriate technology.
  • PS.DS.4.b Create and interpret graphical displays comparing distributions of two or more univariate categorical data sets including segmented and side-by-side bar graphs within the context of the problem, using appropriate technology.
  • PS.DS.4.c Generate and interpret a two-way table as a summary of the information obtained from two categorical variables.
  • PS.DS.4.d Calculate and interpret marginal, relative, and conditional frequencies to analyze data in a two-way table within the context of a problem.
  • PS.DS.5.a Create scatterplots, using appropriate technology.
  • PS.DS.5.b.i the form of relationship for linear and nonlinear trends;
  • PS.DS.5.b.ii the direction of the relationship for positive, negative, or no association;
  • PS.DS.5.b.iii the strength of the relationship such as strong, moderate, or weak; and
  • PS.DS.5.b.iv the presence of unusual features within the data (e.g., clusters, gaps, influential points, outliers).
  • PS.DS.6.a Create the least squares regression model using technology to interpret the contextual meaning of the slope and ๐‘ฆ-intercept.
  • PS.DS.6.b Using technology, calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient, ๐‘Ÿ, within the context of a problem.
  • PS.DS.6.c Using technology, calculate and interpret the coefficient of determination, ๐‘Ÿยฒ, within the context of a problem.
  • PS.DS.6.d Use regression lines to make predictions, and identify the limitations of the predictions, such as extrapolation.
  • PS.DS.6.e Calculate and interpret a residual to understand the error of a prediction.
  • PS.DS.6.f Using technology, calculate and interpret the standard deviation of the residuals, ๐‘ .

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

  • PS.IS.1.a Describe the shape, center, and spread of the sampling distribution of a proportion within the context of a problem.
  • PS.IS.1.b.i identify the basic conditions for inference: random sample, independence, and normality;
  • PS.IS.1.b.ii calculate a confidence interval using technology; and
  • PS.IS.1.b.iii interpret the interval within the context of the problem.
  • PS.IS.1.c Explain how changes in confidence level and sample size affect width of the confidence interval and margin of error.
  • PS.IS.1.d Calculate and interpret a point estimate and margin of error of a confidence interval for a proportion within the context of the problem.
  • PS.IS.1.e Explain how and why the hypothesis testing procedure allows one to reach a statistical decision.
  • PS.IS.1.f.i construct appropriate null and alternate hypotheses;
  • PS.IS.1.f.ii identify the basic conditions for inference: random sample; independence, and normality;
  • PS.IS.1.f.iii calculate and interpret the ๐‘-value using technology;
  • PS.IS.1.f.iv determine and justify whether to reject the null hypothesis; and
  • PS.IS.1.f.v interpret the results within the context of the problem.
  • PS.IS.1.g Use the statistical cycle to plan and conduct a statistical study about a proportion to answer a question or address a problem with inference.
  • PS.IS.2.a Describe the shape, center, and spread of the sampling distribution of a mean within the context of a problem.
  • PS.IS.2.b Calculate and interpret a point estimate and a margin of error for a confidence interval of a mean within the context of a problem.
  • PS.IS.2.c Describe the use of the Central Limit Theorem in satisfying the assumptions and conditions for inference about a mean.
  • PS.IS.2.d Identify the properties of a ๐‘ก distribution.
  • PS.IS.2.e.i identify the basic conditions for inference: random sample, independence, and approximate normality;
  • PS.IS.2.e.ii calculate a confidence interval using technology; and
  • PS.IS.2.e.iii interpret the interval within the context of the problem.
  • PS.IS.2.f.i construct appropriate null and alternate hypotheses;
  • PS.IS.2.f.ii identify the basic conditions for inference: random sample, independence, and approximate normality;
  • PS.IS.2.f.iii calculate and interpret the ๐‘ value using technology;
  • PS.IS.2.f.iv determine and justify whether to reject the null hypothesis; and
  • PS.IS.2.f.v interpret the results within the context of the problem.

PROBABILITY

  • PS.P.1.a Given two or more events, determine whether the events are complementary, dependent, independent, and/or mutually exclusive, and compute the probability of those events.
  • PS.P.1.b Represent and calculate probabilities using Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, and two-way tables.
  • PS.P.1.c Apply the addition rule, the multiplication rule, and complementary rule to calculate probabilities.
  • PS.P.1.d Calculate conditional probabilities to determine the association or independence of two events.
  • PS.P.2.a Identify discrete random variables and create a table to represent valid discrete probability distributions within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.2.b Calculate and interpret the mean (expected value) and standard deviation for a discrete random variable within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.2.c Determine if a discrete random variable satisfies the conditions for a binomial distribution.
  • PS.P.2.d Design and conduct a simulation of a binomial distribution.
  • PS.P.2.e Calculate and interpret probabilities from a binomial distribution within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.2.f Calculate the mean and standard deviation for binomial distributions.
  • PS.P.2.g Describe the center, shape, and spread of a discrete random variable within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.3.a Compare and contrast discrete and continuous distributions.
  • PS.P.3.b Represent probability as the area under the curve of a normal distribution using the Empirical Rule and graphing technology.
  • PS.P.3.c Describe the center, shape, and spread of normal distributions within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.3.d Compare and contrast two or more sets of normally distributed data using ๐‘ง-scores, percentiles, or probabilities within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.3.e Standardize a data value from a normal distribution and interpret the ๐‘ง-score within the context of a problem.
  • PS.P.3.f Calculate and interpret probabilities of a normal distribution using technology within the context of a problem.

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