UNDERSTAND STATISTICS AS A PROCESS FOR MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT POPULATION PARAMETERS BASED ON A RANDOM SAMPLE FROM THAT POPULATION.
DECIDE IF A SPECIFIED MODEL IS CONSISTENT WITH RESULTS FROM A GIVEN DATA-GENERATING PROCESS, E.G., USING SIMULATION. FOR EXAMPLE, A MODEL SAYS A SPINNING COIN FALLS HEADS UP WITH PROBABILITY 0.5. WOULD A RESULT OF 5 TAILS IN A ROW CAUSE YOU TO QUESTION THE MODEL?
RECOGNIZE THE PURPOSES OF AND DIFFERENCES AMONG SAMPLE SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS, AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES; EXPLAIN HOW RANDOMIZATION RELATES TO EACH.
USE DATA FROM A SAMPLE SURVEY TO ESTIMATE A POPULATION MEAN OR PROPORTION; DEVELOP A MARGIN OF ERROR THROUGH THE USE OF SIMULATION MODELS FOR RANDOM SAMPLING.
USE DATA FROM A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE TWO TREATMENTS; USE SIMULATIONS TO DECIDE IF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARAMETERS ARE SIGNIFICANT.