Alabama: Algebra II with Statistics Math Standards

IDENTIFY NUMBERS WRITTEN IN THE FORM A + BI, WHERE A AND B ARE REAL NUMBERS AND I^2 = –1, AS COMPLEX NUMBERS.

• A2.1.a Add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers using the commutative, associative, and distributive properties.

CREATE EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES IN ONE VARIABLE AND USE THEM TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. EXTEND TO EQUATIONS ARISING FROM POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

SOLVE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH REAL COEFFICIENTS THAT HAVE COMPLEX SOLUTIONS.

SOLVE SIMPLE EQUATIONS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL, RADICAL, LOGARITHMIC, AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS USING INVERSE FUNCTIONS.

CREATE EQUATIONS IN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES TO REPRESENT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN QUANTITIES; GRAPH EQUATIONS ON COORDINATE AXES WITH LABELS AND SCALES AND USE THEM TO MAKE PREDICTIONS. EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RECIPROCAL, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

EXPLAIN WHY THE X-COORDINATES OF THE POINTS WHERE THE GRAPHS OF THE EQUATIONS Y = F(X) AND Y = G(X) INTERSECT ARE THE SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATION F(X) = G(X).

• A2.14.a Find the approximate solutions of an equation graphically, using tables of values, or finding successive approximations, using technology where appropriate. Extend to cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are polynomial, trigonometric (sine and cosine), logarithmic, radical, and general piecewise functions.

COMPARE PROPERTIES OF TWO FUNCTIONS EACH REPRESENTED IN A DIFFERENT WAY (ALGEBRAICALLY, GRAPHICALLY, NUMERICALLY IN TABLES, OR BY VERBAL DESCRIPTIONS). EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

IDENTIFY THE EFFECT ON THE GRAPH OF REPLACING F(X) BY F(X) + K, K ∙ F(X), F(K ∙ X), AND F(X + K) FOR SPECIFIC VALUES OF K (BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE); FIND THE VALUE OF K GIVEN THE GRAPHS. EXPERIMENT WITH CASES AND ILLUSTRATE AN EXPLANATION OF THE EFFECTS ON THE GRAPH USING TECHNOLOGY. EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RECIPROCAL, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

FOR A FUNCTION THAT MODELS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO QUANTITIES, INTERPRET KEY FEATURES OF GRAPHS AND TABLES IN TERMS OF THE QUANTITIES, AND SKETCH GRAPHS SHOWING KEY FEATURES GIVEN A VERBAL DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP. NOTE: KEY FEATURES INCLUDE INTERCEPTS; INTERVALS WHERE THE FUNCTION IS INCREASING, DECREASING, POSITIVE, OR NEGATIVE; MAXIMUMS AND MINIMUMS; SYMMETRIES (INCLUDING EVEN AND ODD); END BEHAVIOR; AND PERIODICITY. EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RECIPROCAL, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

RELATE THE DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION TO ITS GRAPH AND, WHERE APPLICABLE, TO THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP IT DESCRIBES. EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RECIPROCAL, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

CALCULATE AND INTERPRET THE AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE OF A FUNCTION (PRESENTED SYMBOLICALLY OR AS A TABLE) OVER A SPECIFIED INTERVAL. ESTIMATE THE RATE OF CHANGE FROM A GRAPH. EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RECIPROCAL, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

USE MATRICES TO REPRESENT AND MANIPULATE DATA.

GRAPH FUNCTIONS EXPRESSED SYMBOLICALLY AND SHOW KEY FEATURES OF THE GRAPH, BY HAND IN SIMPLE CASES AND USING TECHNOLOGY FOR MORE COMPLICATED CASES. EXTEND TO POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RECIPROCAL, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS.

• A2.20.a Graph polynomial functions expressed symbolically, identifying zeros when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.
• A2.20.b Graph sine and cosine functions expressed symbolically, showing period, midline, and amplitude.
• A2.20.c Graph logarithmic functions expressed symbolically, showing intercepts and end behavior.
• A2.20.d Graph reciprocal functions expressed symbolically, identifying horizontal and vertical asymptotes.
• A2.20.e Graph square root and cube root functions expressed symbolically.
• A2.20.f Compare the graphs of inverse functions and the relationships between their key features, including but not limited to quadratic, square root, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

EXPLAIN HOW THE UNIT CIRCLE IN THE COORDINATE PLANE ENABLES THE EXTENSION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO ALL REAL NUMBERS, INTERPRETED AS RADIAN MEASURES OF ANGLES TRAVERSED COUNTERCLOCKWISE AROUND THE UNIT CIRCLE, BUILDING ON WORK WITH NON-RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY.

USE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING CYCLE TO SOLVE REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS INVOLVING POLYNOMIAL, TRIGONOMETRIC (SINE AND COSINE), LOGARITHMIC, RADICAL, AND GENERAL PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS, FROM THE SIMPLIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM THROUGH THE SOLVING OF THE SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM, THE INTERPRETATION OF ITS SOLUTION, AND THE CHECKING OF THE SOLUTION’S FEASIBILITY.

USE MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL REASONING ABOUT NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS AND ASSESS RISK; LIMIT TO INFORMAL ARGUMENTS.

DESIGN AND CARRY OUT AN EXPERIMENT OR SURVEY TO ANSWER A QUESTION OF INTEREST, AND WRITE AN INFORMAL PERSUASIVE ARGUMENT BASED ON THE RESULTS.

FROM A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION, USE TECHNOLOGY TO FIND THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION AND ESTIMATE POPULATION PERCENTAGES BY APPLYING THE EMPIRICAL RULE.

• A2.25.a Use technology to determine if a given set of data is normal by applying the empirical rule.
• A2.25.b Estimate areas under a normal curve to solve problems in context, using calculators, spreadsheets, and tables as appropriate.

DESCRIBE THE PURPOSES OF AND DIFFERENCES AMONG SAMPLE SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS, AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES; EXPLAIN HOW RANDOMIZATION RELATES TO EACH.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A STATISTIC AND A PARAMETER AND USE STATISTICAL PROCESSES TO MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT POPULATION PARAMETERS BASED ON STATISTICS FROM RANDOM SAMPLES FROM THAT POPULATION.

DESCRIBE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RANDOMLY SELECTING SAMPLES AND RANDOMLY ASSIGNING SUBJECTS TO EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT GROUPS IN TERMS OF INFERENCES DRAWN REGARDING A POPULATION VERSUS REGARDING CAUSE AND EFFECT.

EXPLAIN THE CONSEQUENCES, DUE TO UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES, OF NON-RANDOMIZED ASSIGNMENT OF SUBJECTS TO GROUPS IN EXPERIMENTS.

MULTIPLY MATRICES BY SCALARS TO PRODUCE NEW MATRICES.

EVALUATE WHERE BIAS, INCLUDING SAMPLING, RESPONSE, OR NONRESPONSE BIAS, MAY OCCUR IN SURVEYS, AND WHETHER RESULTS ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE POPULATION OF INTEREST.

EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF SAMPLE SIZE ON THE EXPECTED VARIABILITY IN THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF A SAMPLE STATISTIC.

• A2.31.a Simulate a sampling distribution of sample means from a population with a known distribution, observing the effect of the sample size on the variability.
• A2.31.b Demonstrate that the standard deviation of each simulated sampling distribution is the known standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the sample size.

PRODUCE A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION BY REPEATEDLY SELECTING SAMPLES OF THE SAME SIZE FROM A GIVEN POPULATION OR FROM A POPULATION SIMULATED BY BOOTSTRAPPING (RESAMPLING WITH REPLACEMENT FROM AN OBSERVED SAMPLE). DO INITIAL EXAMPLES BY HAND, THEN USE TECHNOLOGY TO GENERATE A LARGE NUMBER OF SAMPLES.

• A2.32.a Verify that a sampling distribution is centered at the population mean and approximately normal if the sample size is large enough.
• A2.32.b Verify that 95% of sample means are within two standard deviations of the sampling distribution from the population mean.
• A2.32.c Create and interpret a 95% confidence interval based on an observed mean from a sampling distribution.

USE DATA FROM A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE TWO TREATMENTS; LIMIT TO INFORMAL USE OF SIMULATIONS TO DECIDE IF AN OBSERVED DIFFERENCE IN THE RESPONSES OF THE TWO TREATMENT GROUPS IS UNLIKELY TO HAVE OCCURRED DUE TO RANDOMIZATION ALONE, THUS IMPLYING THAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TREATMENT GROUPS IS MEANINGFUL.

DEFINE THE RADIAN MEASURE OF AN ANGLE AS THE CONSTANT OF PROPORTIONALITY OF THE LENGTH OF AN ARC IT INTERCEPTS TO THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE; IN PARTICULAR, IT IS THE LENGTH OF THE ARC INTERCEPTED ON THE UNIT CIRCLE.

CHOOSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (SINE AND COSINE) TO MODEL PERIODIC PHENOMENA WITH SPECIFIED AMPLITUDE, FREQUENCY, AND MIDLINE.

PROVE THE PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY SIN^2 (Θ) + COS^2 (Θ) = 1 AND USE IT TO CALCULATE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS.

DERIVE AND APPLY THE FORMULA A = ½·AB·SIN(C) FOR THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE BY DRAWING AN AUXILIARY LINE FROM A VERTEX PERPENDICULAR TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE, EXTENDING THE DOMAIN OF SINE TO INCLUDE RIGHT AND OBTUSE ANGLES.

DERIVE AND APPLY THE LAW OF SINES AND THE LAW OF COSINES TO FIND UNKNOWN MEASUREMENTS IN RIGHT AND NON-RIGHT TRIANGLES. EXTEND THE DOMAIN OF SINE AND COSINE TO INCLUDE RIGHT AND OBTUSE ANGLES.

ADD, SUBTRACT, AND MULTIPLY MATRICES OF APPROPRIATE DIMENSIONS.

DESCRIBE THE ROLES THAT ZERO AND IDENTITY MATRICES PLAY IN MATRIX ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION, RECOGNIZING THAT THEY ARE SIMILAR TO THE ROLES OF 0 AND 1 IN THE REAL NUMBERS.

• A2.5.a Find the additive and multiplicative inverses of square matrices, using technology as appropriate.
• A2.5.b Explain the role of the determinant in determining if a square matrix has a multiplicative inverse.

FACTOR POLYNOMIALS USING COMMON FACTORING TECHNIQUES, AND USE THE FACTORED FORM OF A POLYNOMIAL TO REVEAL THE ZEROS OF THE FUNCTION IT DEFINES.

PROVE POLYNOMIAL IDENTITIES AND USE THEM TO DESCRIBE NUMERICAL RELATIONSHIPS.

EXPLAIN WHY EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS TO AN EQUATION MAY ARISE AND HOW TO CHECK TO BE SURE THAT A CANDIDATE SOLUTION SATISFIES AN EQUATION. EXTEND TO RADICAL EQUATIONS.

FOR EXPONENTIAL MODELS, EXPRESS AS A LOGARITHM THE SOLUTION TO AB^CT = D, WHERE A, C, AND D ARE REAL NUMBERS AND THE BASE B IS 2 OR 10; EVALUATE THE LOGARITHM USING TECHNOLOGY TO SOLVE AN EXPONENTIAL EQUATION.